Friday 27 May 2011

Teachers Day today, A TEACHER FOREVER (Amen).

We celebrated our Teachers Day today. It was a grand event organised by the Students Council (Prefect) and PERTENO (Six formers). It was different from the previous years; the arrangement of students and teachers, the flow, the gimmicks, the concept and even the speech from the head girls was different. She showed maturity in the content. A few teachers realised the difference in the speech. Usually less attention is given to speeches in most events, but this morning's speech from the head girl was TRUELY different. The teachers were paying attention to her speech. She is quite a quiet girl, soft spoken and gentle.

The most touching part was the song played when the principal was cutting the  "pulut kuning" (yellow glutinous rice). Out of a sudden. I never expect to hear that song again. It's been years. I still remember the lyrics VERY WELL. It goes like this:

HARI PERTAMA MASUK SEKOLAH
TAK PANDAI MEMBACA MENGIRA
TETAPI CIKGU BEGITU TABAH
MENGAJAR KAMI SUNGGUH-SUNGGUH.

BERMULA ABC SAMPAI Z
KIRA SATU SAMPAI SEPULUH
BARU EJAAN DAN KIRA-KIRA
KAMI BELAJAR DENGAN TABAH

BERKAT KESABARAN GURU BIJAKSANA
MEMBERI BERBAGAI PETUNJUK
HARI DEMI HARI
KAMI PUN MENGERTI
PELAJARAN NILAINYA TINGGI.

KAMI INGAT SETIAP MASA
JASA GURU MENDIDIK BANGSA
DENGARLAH INI UCAPAN KAMI
TERIMA KASIH CIKGU...

Why is this particular song gives lump in my throat? It reminds me of my first year teaching in SK Long Pillah, Baram. I just held my tears with lump in my throat as I tried to sing along with the students. My early years as a teacher was the most momerable and treasured part of my teaching life. That was when you were really appreciated and felt important.

I still remember clearly it was June 1989 I started my life as teacher. I was accepted to do my training in Rajang Teachers College (MPR) in Sarikei. I went there by express boat from Kuching to Sarikei. After two years I was posted to a very alien place-Long Pillah, Baram. The "Long" is enough to give chill to any teacher-to-be. Many even asked for transfer before setting their foot there. Young, energetic and enthusiastic, I took the challenge.

In late November 1991, I set my foot in Marudi town after taking the long Kuching-Miri-Marudi connecting flights. In those days, the school term started in December. In Marudi I met my new friends, all from Kuching. The four young men were my colleagues; three "Wans": Wan Sulaiman and Wan Mohd Halik (both from Sejingkat), Wan Alek (Sebuyau) and Mohd Sahari (Perumahan Petra Jaya). Sahari later gave himself a "wan" title too (Sahari-One Day-Wan Day). That's the beginning of our bond.

Meeting the students for the first time was really an unforgetable experience, especially the year one. They had never been to pre-school. So, their first year was their pre-school. Everything from zero. They were very clean and pure. The only language they knew was Kayan. Just imagine trying to teach English and muzik to this young and enthusiastic kids. This was the time when I developed my own sign language; "eyes" (ponting to my eyes), the whole class did so, pointing to their eyes and said "EYES". How cute they were. I had to teach verbs too. "Stand up", "Sit down", "Walk" etc. I was puzzled and confused whenever I said "Sit down" the whole class burst into laughter. Luckily there was a boy who knew Malay quite well. He told me that the word was obscene and it's a taboo for them to say it. Guess what? "Sit" means the female genitalia! Oh my God! At first I was "freeze". How am I going to teach this word? Everytime I commanded them to settle down/"sit" down, the boys would laugh whereas the girls would giggle. Then I told the boy who understood Malay that I was teaching English, not Kayan. So, the "sit" is "melok" (Kayan for sit down) not the taboo word. Fuh...that's really an experience for a new English Language teacher. After that, they accepted the word 'openly', no more laughter and giggle.

Besides English I was teaching muzic and PE (PJ) too. For those who are unfamiliar with primary school world, teachers could be assigned to teach and do anything under the sun. NEVER REJECT WHAT THE GURU BESAR ASKED YOU TO DO. PE meant football and telematch, no other skills. Teaching muzic was also very interesting. Radio was not working most of the time. Why? No electricity supply! Dry cells (battery)? Sometimes out of stock. So we did it without any musical instrument. Later I bought a guitar in Marudi. Yeah...With my limited knowledge and skills I impressed the kids with it. One of the songs we used to sing was that particular song up there. That was a 'mandatory song' we introduced in year one. That was the reason why I choked when it was played this morning. It was our 'sacred song'. All the kids appeared in my mind, my memory ran back to the young kids in Long Pillah 20 years ago. I could remember clearly and vividly. Nothing is missing to this day.

With FB, we are establishing out network, contacting each other. They are everywhere, one girl even ended up in the US. They showed their children. I thought I remember them well but I was wrong. I still remember them as they were 20 years ago. Seeing them in FB, I couldn't recognise them. I have to recollect who is who by the photos in their album. Time flies really fast. I thought I was still as young and energetic but grey hair starts to appear and my three children are nearly as tall as me. Then I realised that I am not as young as before. But my time in Marudi, Long Lama, Long Pillah and sometimes I went up to Long Kesseh and Long Na-ah, were still fresh, as if they were yesterday. I can still remember the time we went picnicing with the kids, harvesting padi with the villagers, spending nights at their "sulap" (hut) and getting to know a few Penans  during weekends.

Experience living in Long Pillah can never ever be obtained if I rejected the posting. I never regretted going there. May be one day we will go back there with the "wans" to meet our foster families. God's willing. Bidapud lagi...

Wednesday 25 May 2011

The unique /ɯ/ vowel sound in the Bidayuh dialects.

I have been listening to readings of the Bible since I was young and I still listen to it now and than whenever I went back to my kampung. Everytime while listening, I will be attracted to the words being pronounced by the readers (plus the content of course). The pronunciation tells me how complicated vowel sounds of the Bidayuh Language could be. Certain words are not pronounced as how they are spelt. In Bahasa Malaysia, there are only six vowel sounds; /a/, /ə/, /e/, /I/, /o/ and /u/. In the Bidayuh Language, there is a unique sound which is only found in the Bukar-Sadung (Serian), Singgai (Bau), Biatah (Penrissen), Bianah and Pinyewa (Padawan). This particular vowel sound is missing in the Jagoi dialect (Bau). This unique vowel sound is /ɯ/.

The diagram below shows the position of the vowel sound /ɯ/. This sound is next to the vowel sound /u/. The vowel sound /u/ is pronounced with a rounded lips, whereas in /ɯ/ the lips are relaxed (spread) without moving the articulatory organs especially the tongue and the air passage around the velum.


The Vowel Phonetic Alphabet of the International Phonetic Association (IPA)

This unique sound has created difficulty in getting the correct pronunciation especially the non-speaker of the mentioned dialects. Since Bidayuh Language has no writing system of its own, it has to rely on the Roman alphabets and the Bahasa Malaysia pronunciation system, that is syllabic in nature.

The earliest written document in Bidayuh was the Bible. They were written by the 'western priests'. They had substantial knowledge of the different dialects, ranging from Lundu to Serian and to the most remote areas of Lundu, Bau, Serian and Padawan Districts. This early written document was written based on the priests' perception on the pronunciation system. They were not linguists. They were having problem on how to spell certain words because of the unique vowel sound that is not found in both English and Bahasa Malaysia. A few of the words are listed below with the meanings:

  1. aduh (available/present)
  2. mbuh (already/done)
  3. ntubuk/tubuk (see/seen)
  4. ijun (just now/ a moment ago)
  5. batuh (depending on the pronunciation: stone or eyes)
  6. sante (saint)
To overcome mispronunciation, these early writers introduced a letter to differentiate the /u/ from the /ɯ/ sound. Mispronunciation can give a totally different meaning and as a result the idea of the text will be distorted. For example the word 'aduh' if mispronounced will become the expression of pain and usually be written with an exclamation mark: 'aduh!'. The letter 'ŭ' was used to show that the 'u' is pronounced as /ɯ/. Here I use the term 'alternative spelling to refer to this alphabet. With this alphabet, readers who are familiar with the dialects will pronounce the word as /adɯh/. Some writers try to overcome the problem by changing the spelling. The /ɯ/ sound will be replaced by 'e'. As a result of this the word 'aduh' will become 'adeh' and pronounced as /adəh/. The reader who proficient in the dialects will still pronounce the word as /adɯh/ because they know the dialect well. So, by changing the spelling will only make the non-proficient speakers to pronounce the word wrongly. This is because the vowel sound /ɯ/ and /ə/ are two distinct vowel sounds.

The word 'ntubuk' is problematic because the two letter 'u' if mispronounced will make the word meaningless. The first 'u' is pronounced as /u/ whereas the second one is /ɯ/. So, it should be pronounced as /ntubɯk/. The alternative spelling of this word is 'ntubŭk. Another example is the word 'ijun'. It is pronounced as /Ijɯn/ and this word is attached with the word 'neh' (/nəh/). The alternative spelling will be 'ijŭn neh'.

The word 'batuh' has two problems when readers who are unfamiliar with the dialects read a Bidayuh text. The word if pronounced as /batuh/ means 'stone' whereas if pronounced as /batɯh/ means 'eyes'. Since both words exist in Bidayuh, the readers have to get the context to get the right pronunciation. The alternative spelling is 'batŭh'.

The letter 'u' is not the only confusing letter in a Bidayuh text. Another letter is 'e'. 'Sante' is a borrowed word from Spanish (Latin?), 'Santo' (Saint). In the Bukar-Sadung dialect, this word is pronounced as /santɯʔ/. Since this is a borrowed word, some pronounce it as /sante/ (even without the glottal stop).

The Bible written in the Jagoi-Singgai dialect is written in the Jagoi dialect. In this case, the problem arises among the Singgai speakers; in determining the correct pronunciation of the letter 'o'. In Singgai not all words with 'o' is pronounced as /o/. The readers have to determine whether to pronounce the vowel as /o/ or /ɯ/. Some of the words spelt according to the Jagoi pronunciation are as follows:

  1. boton (eyes)
  2. mboh (already/done)
  3. idoh (no)
  4. ko-ot (tight)
  5. songot (black)
Unlike the Bukar-Sadung, there is no alternative spelling in Singgai to differentiate the two vowel sounds. The word 'boton' is a good example whereby not all 'o' is pronounced as /ɯ/. The first 'o' is still pronounced as /o/ but the second one is /ɯ/. The table below shows the different pronunciation between the Jagoi and Singgai dialects in relation to the letter 'o'.

The written form
Jagoi
Singgai
mboh
/mboh/
/mbɯh/
idoh
/idoh/
/idɯh/
Ko-ot
/koʔot/
/kɯʔɯt/

The reader must be very familiar with the dialect itself in order to be able to differentiate between the /u/ and /ɯ/ and /o/ and /ɯ/ sounds. How do we rectify this problem? Should we reintroduce to the alternative spelling using 'ŭ' as in Bukar-Sadung or just go on using 'u' and 'o'? If we choose the latter, we have to be very familiar with the dialects to get the correct pronunciation. In English and a few other languages, the pronunciation does not follow the spelling and not even syllabic. For example the 'ough' in 'cough', 'dough', 'tough' and 'plough' are pronounced differently. If the reader is incompetent in English, he will mispronounce the words.

My opinion...we should not create any 'letter' or symbol to represent the /ɯ/ vowel sound. The Bidayuh language will be very interesting to explore as what English, French, Spanish and other languages have offered us. Create a bit of headache to learn Bidayuh. The diverse lexical items is another interesting area to explore and I try to share a little bit on this. The differences in lexical items do not occur inter districts but intra districts, diversity happens even among the neigbouring villages. In Tema stomach is /naʔIh/ but it is /putuŋ/ in Tebedu, which is only a few kilometers away. Even the word 'Bidayuh' is never pronounce as /bIdajuh/ among the Bidayuh community, it is pronounced as /bidəjɯh/ in Bukar, Sadung, Biatah, Bianah and Pinyewa. It is /bIdojoh/ in Jagoi and /bIdojɯh/ in Singgai. Very interesting eh? Bidapud lagi...  

Wednesday 18 May 2011

The Legacy of Bung Bratak

On 1 May every year, the Bidayuh in Tembawang Sauh will see pilgrims going up Bung Bratak. 'Bung' means mountain or hill top. So, Bung Bratak means the top of Bratak Hill. The name Tembawang Sauh also carries a historical significance. 'Tembawang' means an old settlement, ususally a few 'splinter' villages break away from it. In the Sadung dialect, this is known as 'mawang'. That is why we have villages called Mawang Taup, Tema Mawang, Temong Mawang (sounds familiar), Tubih Mawang etc. In Sadung, the opposite of 'mawang' is 'plaman'; a new settlement. So, we have Plaman Nyabet, Tubih Plaman, Plaman Sa'an etc. O.k. back to Tembawang Sauh. 'Sauh' (Souh) means burnt. So, by now can you guest what 'Tembawang Sauh' means? Yes, it means 'burnt settlement'. Who burned it?

According to the written statement found at the site, a few centuries ago (probably more than 700 years ago), a group of adventurers from Sungkong in Kalimantan wandered to find green pastures. In those days there wasn't any Kalimantan (Indonesia) or Sarawak (Malaysia). There was only an island only with perhaps communal boundaries. These adventurers (imagine the wild west movies) reach the peak of a fertile hill and decided to make it their settlement. They named their village Bung Bratak.

Fast forward...the village was attacked by marauders in around 1838. These raiders were from Skrang. Hundreds were enslaved. Panglima Kulow, with the help of James Brooke recaptured Bung Bratak in 1841. According to the info released by Bung Bratak Foundation, there are 30 villages originated from Bung Bratak. They spread all over Bau and Lundu Districts and even one in Padawan. These villages still recognise Bung Bratak as their place of origin or 'tembawang'.

Going to Bung Bratak is not that challenging. It 's a 20-25 minute walk. Depending on your state of health and stamina. I even came across a grand ma, perhaps around 80 years old and a mother carrying a baby going up the hill. But a word or warning, I observed a few youngsters who were gasping for air. May be they had taken a bit of 'tuak' or they are heavy smokers. Forgive me, may be I am a kampung boy, so it was not much of a problem going up the hill. For your info, I'd been to Gunung Jerai, Gunung Santubong, Mulu and the nearest is Singgai, yeaah...

On 1 May, the cultural groups from a few villages will put up their best dress and present their traditional dances. A  ritual is performed by a traditional priest. It is a simple but interesting event.

The young performers doing the 'belanggi'
 
The traditonal priest preparing the 'sadis'


















Bung Bratak is suitable for us to take a break from the hectic city life and just to break our routine. You will see a nice view if you reached the peak at around 7.30 am. Really amazing, never know that we have such a view. Actually it's facing the Singgai area; Mts Singgai and Serapi.

 
 The 'sea' from the hilltop
The experience on top of Bratak was very sentimental. I walked around the area trying to imagine where the houses, the baruk and the 'playground' were. I imagined the young kids running around where I stood. It was early in the morning, perhaps the maidens were on their way to the washing area where the 'ayak' were, to do their morning chores and perhaps the men were still sitting around me smoking their leaf cigars.

I left Bung Bratak with 1001 "perhaps" and perhaps hundreds of years to come my generation will imagine where I once stood with my camera. "Bidapud lagi..."

"How will my future be..."


Monday 16 May 2011

Serikin; an 'Instant City'

If you plan to go to Serikin, make sure you go either early in the morning, i.e. you reach it before ten in the morning or after two in the afternoon. We had experienced stuck in the jam (commonly pronounce as "jem") for an hour. Mind you, the one hour was to cover about less than two km. From Kuching to the bridge just before the village will take about 30 minutes. BUT you'll spend another hour just to cover the one km.


Finding a parking space is another problem. The (paid) parking lot as big as a football field cannot cater the cars, buses, pick-ups and even lorries. Luckily there are a few reliable 'parking attendance' to manage the area. If not because of these guys, I can tell you it can be worse than KL and Georgetown. If you don't want to pay (I'm not sure how much), than you can just park your car at the side of the road, but be ready to find a few scratches (if you're unlucky).


The 'city' itself is congested with people (shoppers and sight-seers). To make matters worse, some 'no brain' drivers just want to shop as close as possible to the 'shops'. They just push their way in between the 'shops'. These include pick-ups. Fuh...I just can't understand these Malaysians. Thinking of this, if we built a supermarket whereby shoppers are allowed to drive in, I think that will be the "most frequented" place in Kuching. You are able to see this along the roads, they just choose, point, pay and get their 'things' without leaving their cars. Well, this only happens in Kuching.

Back to Serikin. The lonely village is transformed to a city only during weekends. Weekdays...the villagers are back to their normal business. Actually those 'towkays' are our friends from Indonesia. The villagers only collect the rental. Well, at least this is what Robert Kiyosaki means business, let others earn money for us...it's called investment. So, without reading Kiyosaki's books, the villagers know how to make money without working. Am I right?

Saturday 14 May 2011

MY FIRST ENTRY

Right after pulling  a tooth, this is my first entry in my blog. I welcome issues pertaining education (especially English language), culture and perhaps experience. Please include a few funny and enlightening ones. My tooth is (the place where it used to be) is aching. Got to go.